Love: Filipino Psychology Essay

Filipino Values for Productivity Values have a lot to do with the manner in which we act. It is, in this way, significant that we comprehend our Filipino Values. Understanding our own Filipino Values implies looking carefully into our convictions, mores, customs, standards, and conventions, inspecting them intently, taking a gander at their positive and negative polarities, and bridling the positive polarities of our qualities as standards of our conduct at work. Our qualities and standards incredibly influenced by the few rulers that went ahead our nation. A few standards are roused by the Spanish rulers; likewise, a few standards are propelled by the Americans, Chinese and Arabs. In this manner, with the assortment foundation of our standards, moral or unscrupulous, we can't deny the way that we the board to made due from our battles with the assistance of our joined standards originating from the diverse outside rulers who governed and assist us with embellishment the alleged Filipino Values. Regardless of whether these qualities are replicated by our progenitors from the distinctive nationality, we will in general case that these qualities, joined by different qualities we have learned are the qualities that will comprise our own Filipino Values. Qualities have a lot to do with the manner in which we act, in the association, this is really showed. As examined in my first response paper, I did presents the qualities of Filipinos as far as working under an association. Filipino qualities for efficiency infers the attribute of Filipinos of difficult work ( masipag at matiyaga). Additionally, I presented the capacity of Filipinos to utilize the little assets accessible in the working environment. Giving accentuation on the capacity of Filipinos of being innovativeness portrays an image of Ma-utak or Madiskarte. Genuinely Filipinos had these qualities yet it out weighted by the shortcomings that I will introduce in this response paper. This is from the book of a well known human conduct book writer, a Filipino who directed examination with the goal for him to know the negative qualities that influence the quality creation of Filipinos. Negative estimations of the Filipinos that influence the quality creation are the accompanying: 1. Ningas kugon 2. Bahala na System 3. Baka makalusot Notion 4. May quality controller naman 5. Hindi naman mababawasan sweldo ko 6. Hindi naman malalaman kung sino ang gumagawa ng mali 7. Di na baling mama dismiss, may fixer naman 8. Bakit and iba diyan, mas marami ache dismiss 9. Tahi lang ng tahi 10. Mamaya System. 11. Kahit may dismiss babayaran dad rin tayo Some of these negative qualities are generally found in an estate where Filipino laborers normally work. To isolate the ones that by and large showed regardless of whether office and in some other work place, in this response paper I will simply examine the important qualities that incredibly influence the profitability of us, Filipinos. â€Å"Ningas Kugon ay isang idioma na nangangahulugang sa umpisa lang magaling at kalaunay mag-iiba’t hindi na ipagpapatuloy ang magandang pagsisimula. † To begin right and not to proceed with a decent beginning as you go on to the work. This is an attribute that negates the substance of difficult work. For Filipinos, early introduction is pertinent to develop your picture to your chief. All things considered, this awful, working isn't building your picture however it is tied in with attempting to enable the association to achieve authoritative objective. Perhaps, you can develop your own picture to your co-worker and supervisor as your second need in the association since I can't deny the way that in an association human connection exist. Doing great from the beginning will take Juan from humble beginnings to the top assuming just, he would simply proceed with that great execution from that of the beginning. The simple purpose of inspiration is being wrecked having this sort of characteristic. This sort of Filipino worth is normally found in a Campaign Period in an Election. Applicants are to a great extent, developing and making some name to the individuals all together for the individuals to decide in favor of them. In the battle time frame they act like he individual that could be trusted and the individual who will speak to them and answer some social issue yet when this applicant win and sit in the position, the fantasy is finished. In the beginning, you could see and talk them, however as the time passes by, it will be the inverse. Filipinos are presently battling this sort of circumstance by which they will in general know the past presentation of each competitor and conclude who don't have this caring characteristic. Relating it to efficiency, performing great toward the beginning and not proceeding with that truly influences profitability in light of the fact that the item that you will be providing for your clients will be exceptionally watched particularly to those clients who are enthusiastically purchasing your clients. â€Å"Hay nako, nagbago ang lasa ng tinapay nila dati malinamnam ito. † The good incentive from the clients is one of the elements that the laborers ought to consider so as to accomplish accomplishment on efficiency. â€Å"Ang pagsasawalang-bahala ay isang idioma na nangangahulugan ng pagpapabaya sa isang bagay at iisiping magiging maayos noise ang lahat sa bandang huli. † Bahala na implies â€Å"I couldn't care less what will happen†. The idea of ‘everything will going to be alright’ likewise comprises the this supposed Bahala na System. Continue pushing on something that you realize it might be not be effective is one of the instances of the bahala na framework. Such thought of leaving everything simply the manner in which it is and imploring that it will going to be alright is the principle perfect of this framework. For only a model, in a development undertaking of a scaffold, the venture group pioneer realizing that the recently built extension is unsteady and not prepared to utilize, however the regional government is pushing for its utilization and afterward the task group pioneer let the regional government for its utilization. â€Å"Bahala na, yan ang utos sakin eh†, is the idea of abandoning the undertaking and not leaving yourself alone engaged with the liabilities. â€Å"Bakit ang iba diyan, mas marami ache mali? † Counting the quantities of your coworker’s slip-ups won't advantage you neither the association. Filipinos had a quality continues decaying an association until it will go down, it is the Crab Mentality. Crab Mentality has to do with the profitability since it one the components that will in general decline the normal of value creation of Filipino specialists. Searching for an escape clause in the character of your great performing co-representative will isn't a demonstration of helping the association achieve its aimed status. Rather than making a few bits of gossip about that individual, why won’t you make him/her as one of your propelling component to contribute your endeavors to the association? A test would be the act of government officials running for a similar position and they present each other’s errors and wrong doings in the past to the individuals. Pulling down the individuals who are attempting they best to move in the stepping stool of accomplishment is one of the Filipino Values that is viewed as an impediment on great efficiency of the association. â€Å"Marami dad naming oras, mamaya nalang yan. † Procrastination, this is a demonstration that likewise, reducing the embodiment of difficult work. Filipinos are fanatic of saying the words †LATER or WAIT FOR A WHILE. We Filipinos have this intrinsic mentality of doing first what is important and afterward doing what you needed to do. In any case, having as a top priority the desperation of the things that should have been done don't requires a brisk activity, we will in general delay it for some time and keep on doing the things that you needed to do. Considering when is the cutoff time of an undertaking and doing the entire venture the day preceding or on the last moment before the submitting hour or day. In the a ranch, stalling isn't watched for the organization should create more than what is requested in a fixed timeframe. All things considered, in an organization delivering things this is valid, yet in an association running an office giving administrations, the direness is watched. Administrations ought to consistently be there, arranged, so when the opportunity arrives, if that particular help is required. At times, benefits that are set up before a real interest by the client is a decent quality item. There is this truism by the Filipinos, â€Å"Aanhin dad damo kung patay na ang kabayo†, administrations or items that are late will result to poor palatable criticism from the clients. â€Å"Hindi na baleng mama dismiss, may fixer naman na mag-aayos. † Filipinos love on depending everything to something they realize that it can help or fix or fix anything they have fouled up or they will foul up. â€Å"Di parcel nalang† implies stopping on it or kind of stopping on something and releasing it the manner in which it is. Also, contemplating the fixer that will effortlessly fix whatever isn't right in the thing is the rule of relying upon the machine. Rather than causing the thing in the correct way so as to decrease the utilization of a fixer machine, Filipinos keep on doing an inappropriate way of delivering the thing simply comply with the time constraint. In this perspective you would now be able to see the relationship of lingering with this characteristic of depend the thing to the machine and to the hour of its cutoff time. With this caring reasoning, it shows the demeanor of giving up the quality creation. The â€Å"Okay na yan† disposition is likewise one of the components of this demonstration. Focusing on amount and not on the nature of the item is the primary idea of this mentality. Filipinos, typically we, as an understudy would state †â€Å"Okay na yan, basta may maipasa lang† as a â€Å"pampalubag-loob† in not meeting the ideal nature of the task or for the most part in the midst of assessments. Choosing the amount created and not on the quality isn't acknowledged in the association carefully watching the nature of the items or administrations being delivered. â€Å"Katamaran †ito ay isa sa mga hindi kanaisnais na katangian ng mga Pilipino na kung saan ang mga dapat na gawin ay hindi naisasakatuparan sa kadahilanang nagkukulang and motibo para maigalaw ang kanyang katawan upang magtrabahoâ

The Benefits and Hinderance of Assessments Free Essays

Evaluation in essential guidance includes geting data and doing formal or casual conclusions about children ‘s progression and fulfillments, including nations for more remote turn of events. The main features that are typically surveyed in kids ‘s larning include: discernment, fear, achievements, conduct, mentalities and qualities according to the National Curriculum ( Wragg, 2001 ) . Appraisal is basic as it can uncover of import data. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Benefits and Hinderance of Assessments or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now For delineation, it can ; place spreads in kids ‘s securing and where backing might be required, flexibly data that can be imparted to guardians, advise teacher ‘s arranging and showing strategy and bespeak the effectivity of schools. Notwithstanding, this is non a comprehensive rundown and there are other imperative grounds why evaluation is required, which will be strengthened all through this treatment. We will focus on evaluation plans and how this data is used ; in particular this will be cross referenced with my involvement with school. We will get somewhere near looking into summational examination plans. This is other than known as ‘Assessment of Learning ‘ ( AOL ) and is an investigation of the examination to day of the month, which happens at the terminal of the twelvemonth or square of overview. Instances of summational evaluations include: the Foundation Stage Profile ( FSP ) , Standards Assessment Tests ( SATS ) and formal educator examinations. The observational grounds ordered from this is utilized to investigate the progression or achievement of the researcher comparable to nations of the National Curriculum. The cardinal purpose of this sort of evaluation is to gracefully informations for national and neighborhood benchmarking plans. Utilizing this data is irreplaceable as it empowers schools to surmise whether children are run intoing the age-related standpoints. On the off chance that they have digressed, marks are audited and the essential commissariats or interventions are executed. This i s to ensure kids stay on way to run into the national viewpoints of doing at any rate two National Curriculum degrees headway over every cardinal stage. In my base-school at Robin Hood Primary, data examination is of import to educate their following frameworks with the goal that they can make a move and measure kids ‘s progression and achievement. The foremost fulfillment informations is other than utilized toward the beginning of term to put checks and advise normal term arranging. This is a cardinal point of convergence for learning and securing. The Contextual Value-Added ( CVA ) hypothetical record is a national advance which measures schools open introduction contrasted with others with comparable highlights. This hypothetical record considers an extent of components, for example, ; front achievement, Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) and Free School Meals that can affect kids ‘s open introduction ; hence gives a level playing field. The school ‘s CVA tonss are introduced on RAISEonline, which is of import in puting the model for schools and bespeaking its achievement and fulfillment ( Weston, 2007 ) . This data empowers Local Educational Authorities and schools to: place inclinations, underachieving gatherings, set practical checks, and reevaluate in general effectivity and rules. This is exceptionally of import sing the: ‘breaking the nexus among impediment and low accomplishment ‘ confirmation. This is an endeavor to palliate under-execution issues in burdened networks. However, it ought to be noticed that the ongoing White Paper: significance of guidance has demonstrated a change into appraisal inclusion. In curious, the CVA hypothetical record will cease and the great beyond changed course of study will move as a benchmark for all schools, with a point of convergence on ‘pupils ‘ premium ‘ to raise achievement. There has been antagonism towards outside summational examinations in footings of their reliability and whether it benefits the child ‘s securing and headway. SATS are classed as ‘high wagers ‘ , which can follow in ‘teaching to the preliminaries ‘ and repetition rather than profound larning being evaluated ( James and Gipps 1998 ) . Corridor ( 2010 ) noticed that teachers can other than be slanted to adhere to ‘transmission habits ‘ of guidance, which diminishes innovativeness over the span of study ; and could at long last effect kids ‘s procurement. SATS are attempted at Robin Hood Primary alongside educator evaluations. They keep on propelling an originative course of study as they perceive the significance of making rich obtaining encounters and situating kids ‘s requests. This is so they can lounge larning and grow new achievements while as yet fixing kids for SATS in a strong mode. In footings of my example, I will require to utilize comparative training techniques to run into the larning requests of children ( Q28 ) . The educator evaluations authoritatively consider kids ‘s open introduction in every nation of obtaining ; and gives them a National Curriculum degree that ‘best-fits ‘ the child. These have end up being more well known than SATS in footings of their constancy. Somewhat this can be utilized developmentally to educate the training technique regarding the schoolroom ( Hall, 2003 ) . The preferred position is that the entire course of study can be surveyed in footings of the accomplishment stamps rather than the particular point of convergence on core themes. All the more essentially, learning is vaguely intended for preliminaries yet can be adjusted by indicting larning closes that satisfy kids ‘s needs ( Alexander, 2010 ) . Robin Hood Primary uses an arrangement of grounds from various settings to gauge understudies as they perceive that children learn in various manners. This is of import on the off chance that we consider Gardner ‘s hypothesis of numero us insights, where diverse guidance settings influence their qualities. The school ethos is a synergistic arranging assault. This empowers twelvemonth gathering educators to talk their examination assaults, what they are estimating comparable to their projects of work and whether there is a typical dread of the degree depictions for moderateness plans. Corridor and Harding ( 2002 ) noticed that educator evaluations can be upgraded if a ‘collaborative assault ‘ is imagined. This is the place a ‘assessment network ‘ is made influencing staff, understudies and even guardians. In footings of my ain example, it will be essential that I examine teachers ‘ evaluations with experient colleagues to ensure that kids ‘s progression and achievements are directed ( Q11 ) . This data would other than be of import to educate arranging and customize procurement to help raise level of achievements ; and contract any fulfillment spreads ( Q13, Q19 ) . This other than features how of import examination informations is to regulate kids ‘s progression and raise accomplishment degrees. Since we have talked about summational evaluation plans, it is of import to examine the regularly best assault ; developmental examination. Examination for Learning ( AFL ) and Assessment as Learning ( AAL ) are developmental assaults and is a cardinal bit of the guidance, larning and be aftering system. It is a continuous system of putting and responding to kids ‘s obtaining with the goal for them to do solid progression. Consequently it empowers educators to reconsider their showing technique and arranging in obvious radiation of whether the expected procurement results have been accomplished. In contrasting with summational assaults, AFL perceives the significance of the researcher being remembered for the evaluation technique. Lobby ( 2003 ) strengthened this impression: ‘†¦ Just as securing is a cultural technique, so unnecessarily appraisal is a cultural strategy. The way the student deciphers the procurement setting is essentially of import to their accomplishment in that setting ‘ . ( Hall, 2003, p. 12 ) Dark and William ‘s ( 1998 ) look into have demonstrated that AFL raises models of achievement. In impossible to miss, facilitating the lower capacities more than others, which limits the spread of achievement. This connections with the Assessment Reform Group ‘s ( 2002 ) research of AFL designs. They featured 10 principles to move educators in executing this in their schoolroom to progress viable guidance and securing. The cardinal plan of AFL is to raise achievement. It includes children to build up their ain securing, which makes them dynamic operators in the evaluation technique. Arranging is basic to its prosperity to ensure that significant data is ordered to elevate kids ‘s progression. Alexander ( 2010 ) stressed that AFL lucifers present day places of how children learn as they effectively develop their securing and take proprietorship. Key qualities related with AFL ( however non comprehensive ) include: sharing the securing points and achievement measures, providing input, viable inquisitive, influencing kids in equivalent and self-evaluation, and Assessing Pupils Progress ( APP ) . Robin Hood Primary incredibly regards AFL as a component to oversee kids ‘s headway and achievement with the goal that any hindrances can be lifted to ensure that they all arrive at their conceivable. This is fortified by their motivation: ‘†¦Raise models of achievement and achievement by holding high viewpoints of the guidance and larning ‘ . ( Robin Hood Primary School ‘s Policy, 2010 ) AFL is installed inside their school development to pick up this reason. The commended developmental representations are some which are utilized inside the school and will currently be talked about. Sharing larning points is an entire school assault and is made outwardly and verbally unequivocal to the children in all themes. The children besid

When It All Starts to Come Together

When It All Starts to Come Together It’s nearly the end of the semester, and finals are quickly approaching. I’ve been scrambling to put together a study schedule for the next few weeks because, let’s be honest, I did nothing over Thanksgiving break. The fact that I even brought a few textbooks back home with me is admirable, but they stayed tucked away in my suitcase the entire time. Even though it’s been stressful trying to cram for all of my classes, it’s been interesting to see how a lot of what I’ve learned over the course of the semester is interlinked. For example, I’m in an international business class (BADM 380) where we learned about currency risk and how it impacts foreign direct investment. In my financial markets class (FIN 300), we took a closer look at various strategies for trading currency, so I got to observe the more technical side of things. I’m also taking an anthropology class for fun (ANTH 103), which has real world applications on pretty much every level. So yes, I’m stressed, and I can’t wait for finals to be over, but it’s nice to take a moment and reflect on everything I’ve been exposed to this semester. I’m so thankful to be able to learn about topics from multiple perspectives and develop a more well-rounded knowledge of things. I hope you all have a chance to experience this at some point during your time as a studentâ€"it’s a pretty cool! And with that, I wish everyone the best of luck with finals. I should probably stop checking Facebook and actually hit the books source: imgur Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

Identity Theft Essay - 3006 Words

Kevin Gardner Proposal Paper ENWR 102-G 4/25/2013 Identity theft is committed every day in the United States. This form of crime can be extremely serious and life changing. The amount of resources the United States puts toward the prevention of identity theft is just not enough. Identity theft can harm a persons’ entire life because of all the damage that the thief can cause in such a short amount of time. Identity theft is a threat to everybody and the world as a whole should be more aware of the consequences because of all the pain it can cause. Being the victim of identity theft comes with severe consequences and the attorney general’s office, police departments, and banks need to start educating the population about this†¦show more content†¦In the life of an identity thief, physicians identities are often related to â€Å"taking candy from a baby†, since they are so vulnerable due to personal information being very abundant and unprotected. According to Solows, the identity thieves have many options when manipulating a physician, the thief can simply steal some prescription notepads and forge signatures and physician identification numbers in order to obtain drugs and sell those on the street. They can go as far as creating what is known as a â€Å"sham clinic† where an illegitimate clinic is set up by an identity thief and drugs are ordered by the pound (Solow 32). Even though physicians may be some of the highest targeted people for identity theft, no one is really safe. Another common procedure to steal identities is through hacking. A hacker is defined as â€Å"someone who accesses a computer system by circumventing its security system† (ISS, 1). There are many groups and individual hackers, all out in this world for different reasons. One of the most well-known hacking groups is â€Å"Anonymous†. The people of this group are anonymous and the amount of members is also unknown. Anonymous works to hack media to betterShow MoreRelatedIdentity Theft1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dangers of Identity Theft Sharae Ernst IFSM 201 – Summer 2012 8/3/2012 â€Å"Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personally identifying information (PII), like your name, Social Security number, or credit card number, without your permission, to commit fraud or other crimes.† (Fighting Back Against Identity Theft: Federal Trade Commission). According to the Federal Trade Commission, identity theft complaints have decreased since year 2008 (314,521 to 250,854). It is estimated by theRead MoreIdentity Theft993 Words   |  4 Pagesridiculous amount of money needed to be paid that you never spent? This is because of identity theft. The FTC estimates that each year, over 9 million people are affected by identity theft. According to Sally Driscoll, this is because almost anyone with a computer and a slight bit of computer knowledge can pull off identity theft. Experts also claim that identity theft is the fastest-growing crime in the world. Identity theft is a global problem that cannot be stopped without effective measures. The problemRead MoreIdentity Theft964 Words   |  4 PagesRasmussen College | Identity Theft | The long term issue | | Caden Ross | 2/17/2013 | Authors Note: This research is for Professor Rob Paixao B234/BUL2241 Section 01 Business Law Course written by Caden Ross on 02/17/2013. | Jeffrey Gerald Jackson, otherwise known as Troy Lee Evans, was arrested on September 4,2012 for identity theft. Mr. Jackson used the identity of Troy Lee Evans to gain employment at Credit Concepts Inc. Mr. Jackson had worked at Credit Concepts Inc. underRead MoreIdentification Theft And Identity Theft947 Words   |  4 PagesOur identity is what makes us unique. It is the individual character or personality of an individual, and when a person is a victim of identity theft, it is this distinct characteristic that is stolen Therefore the victims of identity theft often feel a deep sense of violation as they struggle to reclaim their good names. The government must implement better regulations to help put an end to this crime which is affecting millions of innocent Americans. Until then there are three important waysRead MoreIdentity Theft3413 Words   |  14 PagesIdentity Theft + Fraud= Identity Crime 20 December 2007 There is a thief that lurks around us everyday; this thief can attack in brad day light or in the darkest hour, and just about anywhere you may find yourself. This thief has the power to act in your name, make unlimited purchases, open up credit accounts and ruin your good name and credit all in the matter of seconds; if you are vulnerable enough, you might become his next victim. In many cases all he needs is your name and a social securityRead MoreEssay on Identity Theft895 Words   |  4 PagesIdentity Theft This paper will cover the topic of identity theft via the internet, phone and several other schemes. It will identify various ways in which your identity is stolen and ways which you can safeguard yourself from being victimized. I will also report what the Department of Justice is doing and the penalties associated with these crimes. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Identity fraud is use of a persons name, social security number or other personal identifying information. Once armedRead MoreOnline Identity Theft1414 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Identity Theft What is identity? The word itself can have so many connotations, definitions, and subjects tied to it. However, the most basic definition of our identity would be the qualities, beliefs, and baggage that make up each person. An identity is something that each of us have a claim to from the moment we are born to even past our death. Through the recent technology surges however, our most basic claim is now threatened. We have all heard about crime on the streets but with theRead MoreIdentity Theft (Body)2176 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"unneeded† documents. Three months later, when Bob was applying for a car loan, he found that his credit history had been destroyed. He was a victim of identity theft, a crime that often causes people debt, unjustified imprisonment, and murder, being one of the most dangerous, yet easiest, crimes to commit. Identity theft includes other types of fraud and identity related crimes. It is said that today’s society is now living in â€Å"The Age of Betrayal.† Since an incident with a busboy in Brooklyn, noRead More Identity Theft Essay966 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal information is safe on the internet. This is not to say that if you log online your identity will be stolen; however, there are some necessary things to learn to protect yourself. The purpose of my project is to help make people aware of these dangers on the internet and how to protect themselves to the best of their abilities. I chose to focus on â€Å"phishing† a new kind of internet theft where millions of e-mails are sent out to vulnerable consumers. This is a serious dangerRead More Identity Theft Essay2149 Words   |  9 PagesIdentity Theft Law enforcement officials have stated that identity theft crime has been one of the fastest growing crimes in the United States. Identity theft is also one of the fastest growing white collar crimes. This is a serious crime. Identity theft is the act of knowingly transferring or using without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person with the intent to commit, or to aid or abet, any unlawful activity that constitutes a violation of federal law, or that constitutes

Supporting Hearing-Impaired Students in Classrooms

Children suffer from hearing loss for a variety of reasons. Genetic factors, illnesses, accidents, problems in a pregnancy (rubella, for instance), complications during birth and several early childhood illnesses, such as mumps or measles, have been found to contribute to hearing loss. Signs of hearing problems include: turning the ear toward the noise, favoring one ear over another, lack of follow through with directions or instructions, seeming distracted and or confused. Other signs of hearing loss in children include turning the television up too loud, delayed speech or unclear speech, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But the CDC also points out that signs and symptoms of hearing loss differ in each person. A hearing screening or test can assess hearing loss. â€Å"Hearing loss can affect a child’s ability to develop speech, language, and social skills. The earlier children with hearing loss start getting services, the more likely they are to reach their full potential,† the CDC states. â€Å"If you are a parent and you suspect your child has hearing loss, trust your instincts and speak with your child’s doctor.† Hearing-impaired children have a higher risk of developing language-processing difficulties. If left unchecked, these children can have trouble keeping up in class. But this doesn’t have to be the case. Teachers can employ a number of methods to prevent hearing-impaired children from being left behind in school. Strategies for Teachers of Hearing-Impaired Students Here are 10 strategies teachers can use to help hearing-impaired children. They’ve been adapted from the  United Federation of Teachers website. Make sure hearing-impaired students wear amplification devices, such as a frequency modulated (FM) unit that will connect to a microphone for you to wear. â€Å"The FM device allows your voice to be heard directly by the student,† according to the UFT website.Use the child’s residual hearing, as the total hearing loss is rare.Allow hearing-impaired students to sit where they think best, as sitting close to the teacher will help the child to better understand the context of your words by observing your facial expressions.Don’t shout. If the child is already wearing an FM device, your voice will be amplified, as it is.Give interpreters copies of lessons in advice. This will help the interpreter prep the student for the vocabulary used in the lesson.Focus on the child, not the interpreter. Teachers do not need to give interpreters directions to give to the child. The interpreter will relay your words without being asked.Only speak while facing forward. Do not speak with your back to hearing impaired children. They need to see your face for context and visual cues.Enhance lessons with visuals, as hearing impaired children tend to be visual learners.Repeat words, directions, and activities.Make every lesson language-oriented. Have a print-rich classroom with labels on the objects inside.

Light Reactions and Plant Pigments Free Essays

The Effect of Light Reactions on Plant Pigmentation Alyssa Martinez AP Biology 4th pd E. Perkins Abstract In this lab, we were to separate pigments and calculate Rf  values using plant pigment chromatography, describe a technique to determine the photosynthetic rate, compare photosynthetic rates at different light intensities using controlled experiments and explain why rate  of photosynthesis varies under different environmental conditions. In the second part of the lab, we used chloroplasts extracted from spinach leaves and incubated then with DPIP and used the dye-reduction technique. We will write a custom essay sample on Light Reactions and Plant Pigments or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the DPIP is reduced and becomes  colorless, the resultant increase in light transmittance is measured over a  period of time using a spectrophotometer. If pigments are separated, then Rf values can be determined. Introduction Paper chromatography is a  useful technique for separating and identifying pigments and other molecules from cell extracts that contain a  complex mixture of molecules. As solvent moves up  the  paper, it carries along any  substances dissolved in it. The more soluble, the further  it travels and vice-versa. Beta carotene is  the most abundant carotene in plants and is  carried along near the solvent front since it is very soluble and  forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll contains oxygen and is found further from the solvent front since it  is less soluble in the solvent and is  slowed down by hydrogen  bonding to cellulose. Chlorophyll a is  primary photosynthetic pigment in plants. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids capture light energy and transfer it to  chlorophyll a at the reaction center. Light is  part of a continuum of radiation or energy waves. Shorter wavelengths of energy have greater amounts of energy. Wavelengths of light within the visible spectrum of  light power  photosynthesis. Light is absorbed by leaf  pigments while electrons within each photosystem are boosted to a higher energy level. This energy level is  used to produce ATP and reduce  NADP to NADPH. ATP and  NADPH are then used to  incorporate CO2 into organic molecules. In place of  the electron accepter, NADP, the compound DPIP  will be substituted. It changes chloroplasts from blue to colorless. Methodology Obtain a 50 ml graduated cylinder which has about 1 cm of solvent at the bottom. Cut a piece of  filter paper which will be long enough to reach the solvent. Draw a line about 1. 5 cm from the bottom of the paper. Use a quarter to extract the pigments from spinach leaf cells and place a small section of leaf on top of the pencil line. Use the ribbed edge of the coin to crush the leaf cells and be sure the pigment line is on top of the pencil line. Place  the chromatography  paper in the cylinder and cover the cylinder. When the solvent is about 1 cm from the top of the paper, remove the paper  and immediately mark the location of the solvent front before it evaporates. Mark the bottom of each pigment band and measure the distance each pigment migrated from the  bottom of the pigment origin to the bottom of the separated pigment band and record the distances. Then, turn on the spectrophotometer to warm up the instrument and set the wavelength to 605 nm. Set up an incubation area that  includes a light, water flask, and test tube rack. Label the cuvettes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Using lens tissue, wipe the outside walls of each cuvette. Using foil paper, cover the walls and bottom of cuvette 2. Light should not  be permitted inside cuvette 2 because it is a control for this experiment. Add 4 mL of distilled water to cuvette 1. To 2, 3, and 4, add 3 mL of distilled water and  1 mL of DPIP. To 5, add 3  mL plus 3 drops of distilled water and 1mL of DPIP. Bring the spectrophotometer to zero by adjusting the amplifier control knob until the meter reads 0% transmittance. Add 3 drops of unboiled chloroplasts and cover the top of cuvette 1 with Parafilm and invert to mix. Insert cuvette 1 into  the sample holder and adjust the  instrument to 100% transmittance. Obtain the unboiled chloroplast suspension, stir to mix, and transfer 3 drops to cuvette 2. Immediately cover and mix cuvette 2. Then remove it from the foil sleeve and  insert it into the spectrophotometer’s sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and record it. Replace cuvette 2 into the foil sleeve,  and place it into the incubation test tube rack and turn on the flood light. Take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and 15  minutes. Mix the cuvette’s contents before each reading. Take the unboiled chloroplast suspension, mix, and transfer 3 drops to cuvette 3. Immediately cover and mix cuvette 3 and insert it into the spectrophotometer’s sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and record. Replace cuvette 3 into the incubation test tube rack. Take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and  15 minutes. Mix the cuvette’s contents just prior  to each readings. Obtain the boiled chloroplast suspension, mix, and transfer 3 drops to cuvette 4. Immediately cover and mix cuvette 4. Insert it into the spectrophotometer’s sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and record it. Replace cuvette 4 into the incubation test tube rack and take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and  15 minutes. Cover and mix the contents of cuvette 5 and insert it into the spectrophotometer’s sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and  record. Replace cuvette  5 into the incubation test tube rack and take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Results Table 4. 1: Distance Moved by Pigment Band (millimeters) Band Number| Distance (mm)| Band Color| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Distance Solvent Front Moved ____ (mm) Table 4. 2: Analysis of Results __ = Rf for Carotene (yellow to yellow orange) __ = Rf for Xanthophyll (yellow) __ = Rf for Chlorophyll a (bring green to blue green) __ = Rf for chlorophyll b (yellow green to olive green) Table 4. 4: Transmittance (%) Time (minutes) Cuvette| 0| 5| 10| 15| 2 Unboiled/Dark| | | | | 3 Unboiled/Light| | | | | Boiled/Light| | | | | 5 No Chloroplasts/ Light| | | | | Analysis of Results Graph Discussion Chromatography  is  a  technique  used  to  separate  and identify pigments and other molecules from cell extracts that contain a complex mixture of molecules. This can be used to identify the pigments that are used in the  process of  photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to produce chemical  energy in the form of food. This is where plant pigments come into play because they are the reason why the plant is able to absorb light. Chlorophyll a is one such  pigment. These pigments along with many others are contained in organelles known as chloroplasts. One of the problems encountered during the course of this lab included human error when using the spectrophotometer. The student made slight errors when setting the transmittance to the required levels. On a few occasions, the group accidentally introduced light into a cuvette where the variable being tested was the absence of light. This might have caused some error when taking measurements of the percentage  of transmittance. This resulted in skewed data, which meant that the experiment had to be repeated once more. During the first part of the  lab, the group made an error by allowing some part of the pigment  to be in the solvent. This did alter our results in the end. Topics for Discussion 4A: Plant Pigment Chromatography 1. What factors are involved in the separation of the pigments? The factors involved in the separation of the  pigments  from the  spinach plants  are the pigments’ solubility in the solution, how much they bind to the paper based on their chemical structure, and the size of the pigment particles. . Would you expect the Rf value of a pigment to be the same if a different solvent were used? Explain. No I would not expect the Rf values to be different because the pigments will dissolve differently in different types of solvents. For example, chlorophyll b is very soluble in hydrophobic solutions, so if the crushed spinach cells on the paper were put in a hydrophobic s olution, the chlorophyll b would move the highest and probably be right on the solution front, while the other pigments will move much less. 3. What type of chlorophyll does the reaction center contain? What are the roles of the other pigments? Chlorophyll a is in the reaction center, and the other pigments are able to absorb light from the other wavelengths that chlorophyll a cannot absorb light from, and then they transfer the energy harvested from the other wavelengths to the chlorophyll a, providing more energy to be used in photosynthesis. 4B: Photosynthesis/The Light Reaction 1. What is the function of DPIP in this experiment? DPIP is the electron acceptor in this experiment (instead of NADP which is what is normally used in plants). The electrons boosted to high energy levels will reduce the DPIP, which will change its color from blue to clear as more high energy electrons are absorbed by it. 2. What molecule found in chloroplast does DPIP â€Å"replace† in this experiment? It replaces NADP molecules that are found in chloroplasts. 3. What is the source of the electrons that will reduce DPIP? The electrons come from the photolysis of water. 4. What was measured with the spectrophotometer in this experiment? The light transmittance was measured, which really was the measure of how much the chloroplasts reduced the DPIP 5. What is the effect of darkness on the reduction of DPIP? Explain. Darkness will restrict any reaction to occur. 6. What is the effect of boiling the chloroplasts on the subsequent reduction of DPIP? Explain. By boiling chloroplasts, we denature the protein molecules, ending the reduction of DPIP. 7. What reasons can you give for the difference in the percent transmittance between the live chloroplasts that were incubated in the light and those that were kept in the dark? The percent transmittance grew to steadily higher numbers as the experiment progressed because the light reaction was able to occur. However, the dark cuvettes had stable levels of transmittance because light is necessary to excite electrons, which, in turn, reduces the DPIP. 8. Identify the function of each of the cuvettes. Cuvette 1: Used as the control Cuvette 2: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis without light Cuvette 3: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis with light Cuvette 4: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis in boiled chloroplasts Cuvette 5: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis How to cite Light Reactions and Plant Pigments, Papers

Music in the Classroom free essay sample

This assignment involved the students in both learning and teaching. Music in the classroom also helps produce higher test scores. â€Å"According to a 2001 College Entrance Examination Board study, students with coursework or experience in music performance scored 57 points higher on the verbal section of the SAT and 41 points higher on the math. † This article points out that music can be used in teaching social studies as well. If it promotes learning and is improves SAT scores why not use music in the classroom? I do believe that music should be used in the classroom and I would be teacher who would. It would be a fun and easy way to get a point across to a student who is having trouble grasping a concept. Using music in teaching history or social studies could and should be done. There are a lot of assignments that you could do that involved music. A teacher does not have to make up song or change the lyrics to a popular theme, but as example a teacher could have the students study the importance of drums and trumpets through out the courses of the different wars. We will write a custom essay sample on Music in the Classroom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, as the decades change so does the music and that is important as well. A teacher could stress the importance of the â€Å"flappers† in the roaring twenties, and show how music affected the way they lived and their view on government. A teacher could just simply play a clip of music from that era. A teacher could also show the way blues and ragtime music came out of slavery. As a teacher you do not have to musically inclined to use it as a teaching tool. Music just gives teachers another way to teach and capture the students mind and hearts and get them excited about learning. Music is very important to teenagers and it is just another way to connect with them.

Life of James Mcbride Essay Example

Life of James Mcbride Paper McBride, a young colored man deals with growing up and having a white mother. James McBride always realized that his mother was different from his friends mothers, but he never understood why. He would always ask his mother why she was different but she would Just reply that all people are the same. He never knew anything about the background of his mother because she never talked about it and he was afraid to ask. She would ride her old bicycle in an all black neighborhood that was run by the black panthers. James was scared for his mother because even though he was young at the time, he knew what was going on. I think that this book was an impressive view on how twelve young colored children reacted towards having a white mother during the civil rights movement. James McBride was the youngest of his twelve siblings. His father died before he was born and his mother remarried soon after. He could always tell that his mother was unlike his friends mothers. When I asked her If she was white, shed say, No. Im light-skinned, and change the subject gall(McBride, 21 When James was round the age of twelve, his step-father bought his mother an old beat-up bicycle. She would ride it all around the town and James friends would always ask him why his mother looked so different. Along with being tantalizing, Sesames family was impoverished. One washcloth was used by all. A solitary toothbrush would five sets of teeth and gums. (McBride, 68). The family remained as one. Even though young James was curious about his mother and life in general, it didnt hold him back from asking questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of James Mcbride specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Life of James Mcbride specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Life of James Mcbride specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He asked things such as what color was Jesus? and who am l? And where did you come from mommy? . His mother always avoided the questions by answering them by saying Jesus is all the colors and You are who you are and l came from where everyone else came from. (McBride, 12-13). His mother did not want him to discuss their family with anyone else. You stick to your brothers and sisters, thats It. Dont tell nobody your business neither! (McBride, 12-13) As James was growing up, he developed many different feelings. He survived through the civil rights movement with a white mother, he completed high school ND moved onto college, and he found out the truth about his mother. He found out that his mother had a name besides mother. l had never heard that name before. Even in recounting what little she had told me of her life, Mommy had never referred to herself as Rachel. (McBride, 207). He also found out that his mother was Jewish and she was born in Poland. After James graduated from high school he attended Oberlin College and then got his masters degree in Journalism from Colombia university. When James was in college his mother was diagnosed with cancer. 01 ad a little bump on my face and she made me see this fancy doctor. Now I goat wear this dumb hat all the time. It makes me look Like a rooster. (McBride, 260). James grew In many ways from this experience. All of his life he has had his mother there to lean on and care for. As soon as she was diagnosed he realized he had to start living Nils own Tie Dye enamels. He recognizer Nils mother as a notable woman. All of her twelve children grew up to be happy and successful. Mommys children are extraordinary people, most of them leaders in their own right. AY of them had doted more mental baggage and dealt with more hardship than they care to remember, yet they carry themselves with a giant measure of dignity, humility, and humor (McBride, 277). All of them had grown up to be doctors, chemists, teachers, and writers. James views his life as a suffering with the outcome of having his dreams come true. We sat up for many n ights listening to me recite my dreams but in reality of the hard days that followed. (McBride, 291). He views his mother as a paramount woman. She taught her children that God and their educations came before anything. This theory made them succeed. Thats money if your mind is empty? (McBride, 9). Sesames family was the first thing on his mind always. He felt that his life has been fulfilled in every way. He was living in a time of revolution. When he was younger, his mother meant the most to him, he felt no matter how old he was he could protect her Just as she had protected him. It frightened the hell out of me. I thought to myself, These people will kill Mommy. (McBride,27). Overall James thinks that his younger, poor life lead up to his older, wealthier life. I think that this book was a great analysis on how a destitute black family with a white mother succeeded through a revolution. The organization of the book was efficient. The first chapter was about the mothers background and the second was about Sesames life. Then the chapters alternated with his mothers and then his throughout the book. I think that this was a good way to establish chapters because it was easier to appreciate the book. This book discussed Just about every aspect of James whole life up until he wrote the book. It was a great touching story. I think that this book was an impressive view on how twelve young colored children reacted towards having a white mother during the civil rights movement. I think that this book was a great analysis on how a destitute black family with a white mother succeeded through a revolution. This book would be great for a person with an open mind and a person who would want to read a touching story on a mans life. You need a great outlook on life to appreciate this story the way that the author wants you to. I would recommend it to almost everyone.

Small pox essays

Small pox essays Remember having the Chicken Pox when we were little? If you never had Chicken Pox, it consists of having several small bumps that cover the entire body over and over, they itch, some would hurt, and all you would hope for would be for them to go away. Chicken Pox would last an average healthy person a few days. With Small Pox a person can run a high fever for up to eight days before the skin pustules will even appear (Concise). Small Pox is known scientifically as Variola, because it exists as one main strand, Variola Major. Small Pox is considered a virus, and is highly infectious. Small Pox can be spread airborne, directly, or even indirectly. Variola enters through the respiratory tract, then multiplies the other internal organs, the rash or pox signifies the peak stages of the infection (Britanica). The virus can live out side of the body for long periods of time. The virus has been found to survive in bales of cotton for 18 months. This was part of the problem in Europe, was that patients in the hospitals were getting contaminated by the bed linens. However, the most common way it was spread was airborne. Small Pox could be contracted from a carriers breath, or saliva (Grolier). The thing about Small Pox is that the virus was very sneaky. A person who had been vaccinated for the virus could still contract it, of course they would show no symptoms, and the virus would not directly affect them. Although this same could unknowingly spread the virus to someone else who has not been vaccinated The vaccination of Smallpox came from an English physician named Edward Jenner. Jenner had noticed that milk maids who had contracted Cowpox earlier in their lives were immune to the Smallpox virus (Concise). Therefore he decided to test his hypothesis. He took the lymph from Cowpox pustules on the hands of the milk maid, Sarah Nelmes, then he scratched ...

Research Paper on Children Toys Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Children Toys - Research Paper Example In addition to this the educator also needs to take into deliberation few factors while indulging in toy purchases. The factors in relation to the toys purchased for the children should entail aspects such as cost-effectiveness, ensuring creative prospects for the children along with the safety feature of such toys. While purchasing toys it a vigilant examination of the design of the toys needs to be conducted in order to ascertain the sharp and pointed corners which might harm the children. The children needs to be kept away from materials like knives, blades and other sorts of sharp materials as these might result in creating a sense of violence and power among the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). There are a numbers of factors which requires to be considered while purchasing toys for the children among which few have been explained below: Children’s’ Age It is quite impor tant that the toys selected for the children must comply with their age and stage. It should also meet the basic safety requirements identified with regard to the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). ... Safety Aspects Every parent needs to ensure increased cautiousness with regard to the safety needs of their children. Hence, the toys selected for their children must be non toxic in nature, well painted and should be completely non-harmful for the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). Educational Aspects Toys selected for the children should entail characteristics for the purpose of enhancing and developing skills within the children such as promoting emotional and intellectual characteristics. The toys selected must serve dual functions by helping the children to learn and understand new things and also by serving the purpose of an object to play with thus, providing increased degree of fun to the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). Part 2 Toys for Six to Twelve Months Old Children Usually the child ren of 6 to 12 months of age slowly move towards comprehending their surroundings. At this stage the babies are learnt to make attempts in order to stand by taking the support of furniture or such other things. For this particular age group toys such as dolls, wooden vehicles, water toys, musical toys and balls are considered to be quite appropriate. Dolls are the image of the human beings which are found to be available in different sizes, shapes and colors. These toys are believed to aid the children in comprehending the diverse form of emotions and along with triggering the development of certain skills. Wooden toys are found to be quite cheaper in comparison to the plastic toys. It also needs to be

Assessment of the Moral and Legal Responsibilities and Rights of Case Essay

Assessment of the Moral and Legal Responsibilities and Rights of Case Parties - Essay Example First we determine the moral and legal responsibilities of Rick Reynolds. In essence he acted in bad faith, acting for his own benefit and gain, and to the detriment of the interests of Mr. McLean. That there was an agreement between the two is verified in the beginning of the case. Rick acted in bad faith in the construction of the facilities, cutting corners and under the table deals to enrich himself, with the end result being that the facilities were subpar, and caused harm to a resident, when faulty wiring caused a fire that in turn caused the injury to the resident. Rick likewise acted in bad faith in procuring medical equipment and supplies, enriching himself by selling some of the procured goods and keeping the proceeds. Morally he is culpable for fraud and deceit. Legally he is liable for a host of crimes. Under the law, Rick can be considered as either a substituted agent or a sub-agent, and as such, there are legal precepts that can hold Rick accountable for his crimes as if he were the primary agent or principal, acting alone. He can thus be held liable for misrepresenting himself as a manager of the company, and for intentionally duping the pharmacies into providing the goods to the company, where some of the goods ended up being sold by Rick for his own financial gain. Where there is a contractual agreement between Mr. McLean and Rick, moreover, Rick is answerable for his acts to Mr. McLean, who under the law can sue Rick for his fraudulent activities, under the legal precepts concerning the legal rights of the principal towards his substituted agent. In particular, there was fraud in the way Rick went about contacting the different parties involved in building the facility, and for such fraud Rick can be sued by Mr. McLean (The Lectric Law Library, 2012; PreserveArticles.com, 2011). Mr. McLean himself can be said to be morally and legally liable for some of the acts of Rick, such as those that pertain to the acquisition of supplies. While it may be true that Mr. McLean may not have authorized the procurement of the goods on credit from the pharmacies, there are legal precepts that may hold Mr. McLean accountable for the acts of Rick. In other words, though there may have been fraud in the way Rick procured the supplies, Mr. McLean may be sued by the pharmacies if the former does not honor the supply contracts and reneges on the payment for the goods bought on credit. For one, a case may be made for the way Rick's actions procuring the supplies may be construed as constituting part of his job responsibilities, and part of the roles that he was authorized to play as an agent of Mr. McLean. There are clear legal principles that may prevent Mr. McLean from running away from the legal consequences of the actions of Rick, such as those that pertain to the company paying for the goods that Rick bought on credit and with intent to commit fraud. Clearly the law in some instances stipulate that even when an agent commits acts that ar e criminal, and without the express consent of the principal, the principal, in this case Mr. McLean. The pharmacies may argue that there would have been no way for them to discern that Rick was acting on his own behalf rather than on behalf of Mr. McLean, given that Rick, to them, seemed to have the

Use of Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC)

Use of Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) Introduction Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) is one of the commonly used techniques in separation of a wide ranging of analyte based on differences in their structures. In RP-HPLC, the polar mobile phase and nonpolar stationary phase was practised. In this mode of HPLC, the analyte retains into stationary phase by hydrophobic interaction (Hanai, 1999; Swadesh, 2001). The surface area of nonpolar part of analyte molecules is more readily to bind to the RP-HPLC stationary phase. Thus, the less polar analyte will has longer retention time, whereas polar analyte elute more readily. Stationary phase and Column packing In RP-HPLC, the stationary phase is employing of alkylated silica gel column. In other words, the column is packing of nonpolar hydrophobic organic species (eg. octyl, octadecyl and phenyl groups). These hydrophobic organic species attached by siloxane bonds (-Si-O-Si-) to the silica surface (Corradini, Katz, Eksteen, Schoenmakers, Miller, 1998). C18 and C8 phase are most commonly used in the column of RP-HPLC. C18 phase is more hydrophobic as it has longer alkyl chain length which bonded to silica gel. C8 has shorter alkyl chain length compared to C18. It has less carbon attached on silica gel. Besides, phenyl group that bonded to silica surface develops the interaction of aromatic ring (Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma, 2011). Mobile Phase The organic solvent such as methanol and acetonitrile are most widely used as mobile phase in RP-HPLC. It is due to they have the characteristic of free of particles and UV transparency (Swadesh, 2001). In addition, acetonitrile, methanol and tetrahydrofuran also served as organic modifiers in RP-HPLC. According to Hanai(1999), the concentration of organic modifiers could alter the overall retention time of analytes. However, the relative changes in retention time are still depends on the properties of analytes (Hanai, 1999; Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma, 2011). Furthermore, isocratic and gradient elution also applied in RP-HPLC. In isocratic elution, mobile phase composition is remained constant throughout the elution. For gradient elution, the mobile phase composition is changed continuously throughout the elution. Gradient elution gives a better separation peaks for early eluters and sharper peaks for late eluters, but it need greater skills for method development (Ahuja Dong, 2005) . Detector There are many different spectrophotometric detectors that can be used in RP-HPLC. The main function of the detector in RP-HPLC is to trace and detect the presence of analyte components in the chromatography medium. These detectors are including ultraviolet-visible(UV-VIS) detector, diode array detector(DAD), chemiluminescence nitrogen detector(CLND), refractive index(RI) detector, mass spectroscopy(MS) and others (Swadesh, 2001). UV-VIS detector is the most popular detector among spectrophotometric detectors. Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma (2011) stated that UV-VIS detector is utilized by referring to interaction of electromagnetic radiation with analyte sample at the wavelength in the region of 190nm to 1100nm. A high sensitivity of detector is crucial as it also control the signal noise level and drift of the baseline. Applications RP-HPLC methods mostly used to detect known or unknown substances in sample for the quality control. It is applicable in food chemistry, forensic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, toxicological analyses, herbal drugs analyses and others. 2.0 Determination of drug samples by RP-HPLC Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been generally and effectively utilised to determine numerous drugs samples. Dual wavelength detectors have been employed in the simultaneous investigation of two antispasmodic drugs, phloroglucinol (PG) and its methylated derivative tri-O-methylphloroglucinol (TMP), that are established as pain-relieving drugs when used in combination as they manage to suppress the catechol-O-methyl transferase, relax the smooth muscles, and decrease the abdominal pain induced by glycerol. Present method employing RP-HPLC successfully separate and quantify PG and TMP by using isocratic elution and dual wavelength technique. Apart from studying the injectable sample solution, the serum extracted from blood of healthy volunteers and degraded compounds have also been investigated in order to obtain a complete analysis. Plasma was first centrifuged out of the blood, deproteinated and stock sample was added into the serum obtained. Degrading agent and stress conditions of hydrolysis were used in aid to degrade the PG and TMP. It has been investigated that only oxidation degraded the molecule drastically. (Hasan et al., 2013) Cinitapride hydrogen tartarate has been also estimated by RP-HPLC. Cinitapride hydrogen tartarate is a new prokinetic drug, used as antiulcer agent of the benzamide by acting as an agonist of the 5-HT1 and 5-HT4 receptors and antagonist for 5-HT2 receptors. The preparation of sample solution for this work is simple, by just powdered the tablets and mixed with the mobile phase used. The retention time obtained for cinitapride hydrogen tartarate is 3.737 min. Method validation and optimization have been carried out to validate the findings. (Reddy, Shekar Murali, 2012) Simultaneous investigation of lisinopril and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been employed in bulk, pharmaceuticals formulations and human serum by RP-HPLC. The major uses of lisinopril are treating hypertension and congestive heart failure, preventing renal complications caused by diabetes while NSAIDs (naproxen, flurbiprofen, diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid) are primarily used for treatment of acute or chronic pain and inflammation. As there might be interactions between lisinopril and NSAIDs, these two compounds must be detected simultaneously. (Sultana, Arayne, Siddiqui Naveed, 2012) Paracetamol, grouped in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been discovered by colorimetric and spectroflurimetric techniques and being realised that it can combine with other drugs and thus, determined singly by RP-HPLC. It has antipyretic, analgesic and weak anti-inflammatory action, generally administered to suppress violent pains in advanced cancers. It has been found out that as concentration of one of mobile phases, ACN is high, paracetamol undergone improper dissolution. Meanwhile, phenomena such as broadening, fronting and tailing were remarkably lessened as ACN concentration gradually decreases. (Devi et al., 2013) Due to the rapid growth of demanding of NSAIDs, it is essential that to determine not the NSAIDs only, but also their combination drugs. The main function of NSAIDs is said to be inhibited cyclooxygenase in vitro and in vivo, hence decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins which mediate the inflammation. Fifteen drugs have been simultaneously examined by robustness approach, including aceclofenac (ACF), aspirin (ASP), diclofenac (DCF), etoricoxib (ETC), ketorolac (KTL), paracetamol (PCM), salicylic acid (SA), ibuprofen (IBF) and naproxen (NPX) while the combination drugs being studied are clopidogrel (CLP), thiocolchicoside (THC), dextromethorphan (DXM), moxifloxacin (MXF), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and domperidone (DOM). By varying the method parameters, effect on chromatographic separation of all the drugs can be investigated. (Patel, Samanthulam Shrigod, Modh Chaudhari, 2013) Olmesartan medoxomil is an effective antihypertensive reagent, functioned as inhibitor that prevents the angiotensin II from binding to the AT1 receptors in vascular muscle. The validated analytical method for the Olmesartan medoxomil determination in the presence of its degraded product in bulk drug has been established. The degraded products are formed under the conditions suggested by International Conference of Harmonization (ICH), which are acid hydrolysis (0.1M HCL), alkaline hydrolysis (0.1M NaOH), oxidation (30% H2O2), photolysis (UV), and thermal degradation under stress conditions. The sample was found to be highly susceptible to acid and alkaline hydrolysis and oxidation while for other conditions, no degradation was performed. (Hamrapurkar Gadapayale, 2013) Quantitative determination of oseltamivir phosphate (OSP) has been exercised by RP-HPLC. OSP is the drug to treat swine flu, prevents the virus from releasing by infected cells by selectively blocks the viral surface enzyme neuraminidase. Oseltamivir phosphate is also the drug of choice for treatment of avian influenza that diagnosed to be caused by H1N1 virus. This quantitative method was statistically validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness and sensitivity. (Malipatil, Jahan Patil, 2011) 3.0 Determination of food samples by RP-HPLC Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been widely used to determine the food samples. Honey is a food sources which consists of supersaturated solution of sugars (mostly fructose and sucrose) and other significant amount of minor compounds such as organic acids, furanic aldehydes and acids, enzymes, amino acids and proteins, mineral and water-soluble vitamins. The characterization of these minor compounds have been known to be a reliable tool to determine the botanical an geographical origin as well as the quality of the honey. Many methods have been launched out for the determination the minority organic compounds such as furanic aldehydes and acids but less for vitamins in honey. So, a new analytical method was proposed which utilize RP-HPLC to determine the presence of five water-soluble vitamins in honey that are vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B9 (folic acid) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Variety of validation parameters have been carried out in this proposed method in term of detection and quantificat ion limit, linearity, precision, sensitivity as well as the bias to validate their findings (Ciululu et al., 2011). In fact, due to the higher concentrations of saccharides, slightly acidic condition and water activity as well as the presence of organic acids in honey, it favor the formation of furanic aldehydes especially 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF). Hence, HMF is a good parameter for determine the quality of the honey. Apart from this, 2-furaldehyde, 2-furoic acid, 3-furaldehyde and 3-furoic acid also has been quantified in honey samples. Hence, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF), 2-furaldehyde (2-F), 3-furaldehyde (3-F), 2-furoic acid (2-FA) and 3-furoic acid (3-FA) has been investigated simultaneously and completely validated on 18 honey samples which different in their age, botanical and geographical origin by RP-HPLC. From the result, HMF was quantified in all samples. 2-F and 2-FA was showed in almost half of the samples whereas 3-F was detected in three honey samples and 3-FA in only one. Validation parameters were performed in term of detection limits, precision, linearity and ac curacy (Spano et al., 2008). Brominated phenols have been known to have strong odor properties and act as key flavor compounds in seafoods. The presence of the bromophenol compounds, their concentration and the marine environments controlled the different in the strength and characteristic of odor and flavor in seafoods. Hence, RP-HPLC was employed to determine the presence of simple bromophenols in marine fishes simultaneously which include 2-bromophenol (2-BP), 4-bromophenol (4-BP), 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), 2,6-dibormophenol (2,6-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP). All the bromphenols have been extracted from the fish samples by combined steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) with 2mL of pentane/diethyl ether (6:4) and identified by RP-HPLC with UV-detection. (Silva et al., 2005) Nowadays, the employment of food additives in the production of processed and fast foods was gradually increasing throughout the world. However, illegal and excess addition of food additives can cause significant health problems were well known by community. For an example, in china, the ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China strongly prohibited the addition of acesulfame, saccharin, neotame, stevioside, benzoic acid, caffeine and dehydroacetic acid as well as regulated the addition level of sorbic acid to 0.2g/kg into red wine. Variety of methods is available to determine the food additives present in food and drinks. However, simultaneous determination of large amount of food additives in red wine which mentioned as above was proposed by using dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) followed by RP-HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection in this study. The red wine samples were undergoes the dSPE methods which considered as most powerful cleanup technologies in re moving various matrix and then analyzed by RP-HPLC with UV detection. Different kinds of validation parameters were utilized to determine the satisfaction and accuracy of the results. Apart from this, amino-functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic polymer (MP) which coupled with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) also proved that it is an efficient absorbent in dSPE extraction procedure which could eliminate most of the interferences in the red wine. (Zhao et al., 2013) Apart from this, the dosage of additives especially preservatives, is the most strictly controlled by EU law because of their potential risk to human health and safety. Nationally and international authorities have been established the guidelines for the usage of preservatives in food and foodstuff which about the maximum dosage, use conditions and type of food in which they can be used. In our daily life, the most common preservatives are sorbic acid, natamycin and lysozyme. So, analytical method for simultaneous determination of the four preservatives in different kinds of cheeses that are sorbic acid, natamycin, lysozyme and benzoic acid by single RP-HPLC was established. Benzoic acid was also included into the determination step is because it can be synthesized naturally from the microbial metabolism even it’s not added technically to cheese during production. All preservatives were extracted from the samples through a simple extraction step and then separated by RP-HPLC. Finally, the analytes were analyzed by a single wavelength UV detector (280nm) and even a triple wavelength UV detector (227nm, 280nm and 303nm) for a more sensitive determination. (Guarino et al., 2011)

Article 62 of the Vienna Convention Essay

The doctrine of fundamental change of circumstances, (rebus sic stantibus) is a principle of customary international law allowing a part to an agreement to withdraw or terminate it where there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. The main justification for this principle is that treaties often remain in force for many years, during which time fundamental changes may occur in the political or international environment which may require a departure from the provisions set out in the treaty. However, this principle has also been criticized for disrupting the binding force of obligations taken by states, particularly when bearing in mind that there is no compulsory jurisdiction forcing states who terminate a treaty on this ground, to have the legitimacy of their decision scrutinised before an international tribunal. Nevertheless, this principle has been codified in Article 62 of the VCLT, although its scope has been severely restricted. Article 62 (1) is drafted it negative terms, stating that a fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred since the conclusion of a treaty, and which was not foreseen by the parties, may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from the treaty unless: (a) the existence of those circumstances constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty; and (b) the effect of the change is radically to transform the extent of obligations still to be performed under the treaty. This is further restricted by Article 62 (2) which states that fundamental change of circumstances may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from a treaty if the treaty establishes a boundary or if the fundamental change is the result of a breach by the party invoking it either of an obligation under the treaty or of any other international obligation owed to any other party to the treaty. If these conditions are met, Article 62 (3) allows a state to suspend the operation of the treaty if it does not wish to terminate it or withdraw from  it. Therefore, in order for Article 62 to apply, five conditions must be met. First, the change must be of circumstances existing at the time the treaty was made. Second, the change of circumstances must be â€Å"fundamental†. Third, the change must not have been foreseen by the parties. Fourth, the existence of those circumstances must have constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty in the first place. Fifth, the effect of the change must be radically to transform the â€Å"extent† of obligations still to be performed under the treaty. The possibility of terminating a treaty on grounds of fundamental change of circumstances was recognised in the Fisheries Jurisdiction case, but was not held to be applicable on the particular facts of that case. In this case, Iceland and the UK entered into an agreement to limit their fisheries jurisdiction to within their 12 mile continental shelf limit. However, as the law of the sea developed, greater fishing zones became permissible, and Iceland argued that these developments where a fundamental change of circumstances allowing them to withdraw from the treaty. The ICJ held that a change in the law is not sufficient to constitute a fundamental change of circumstance. A change in international law could however terminate the treaty on grounds of supervening impossibility of performance if the change made the carrying out of the treaty illegal. It was stated that changes in circumstances will only be regarded as fundamental if they â€Å"imperil the existence or vital development of one of the parties.† Moreover, it was added that â€Å"the change must have increased the burden of the obligations to be executed to the extent of rendering the performance something essentially different from that initially undertaken†. As these requirements had not been met, Iceland could not withdraw from the agreement. Similarly, the scope and application of Article 62 was also examined in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Danube Dam) case. Here the ICJ stated that â€Å"The changed circumstances advanced by Hungary are, in the Court’s view, not of such a nature†¦that their effect would radically transform the extent of the obligations still to be performed in order to accomplish the Project. A  fundamental change of circumstances must have been unforeseen; the existence of the circumstances at the time of the Treaty’s conclusion must have constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the Treaty. The negative and conditional wording of Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a clear indication moreover that the stability of treaty relations requires that the plea of fundamental change of circumstances be applied only in exceptional cases†. This reasoning was followed by the ECJ in the Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz case. In this case, the ECJ considered whether the EC could suspend the operation of a trade concession agreement between itself and the former Republic of Yugoslavia on the grounds that the break-up of Yugoslavia into several new States were factors to be regarded as a political change, involving a fundamental change in the material circumstances underlying the consent of the contracting parties bound by the agreement. It was held not to be, because the change did not fundamentally alter the extent of the obligations under the agreement, which was essentially an economic agreement to promote the development of trade between the contracting parties. These cases demonstrate the severe restriction which is place on the scope of Article 62, and that it will require a truly exceptional case for the ICJ to conclude that the requirements of Article 62 have been met. In relation to the provisions of Article 62, a question has arisen as to whether these provisions could apply to the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty between the USA and the USSR in 1972, which was concluded in the circumstances of the Cold War. Can it be said that there has been a fundamental change in the circumstances which determined the parties to accept the treaty and which has resulted in a radical transformation in the extent of their obligations still to be performed under the treaty? In 2001, President Bush announced that he had given formal notice to Russia, that the US is withdrawing from the Treaty. The treaty sought to limit the development and deployment of nationwide ballistic missile defence systems. Explaining the withdrawal, President Bush referred to the terrorist events  of September 11 as a fundamental change of circumstances which have resulted in the US now being put in danger from rogue states or terrorists who may have acquired nuclear weapons. Consequently, US wants the freedom to develop effective defenses against missile attacks from such sources, and this can be done only if the restrictions of the ABM Treaty are removed. A further argument that can be made is that the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the removal of the Cold War threat may also constitute a fundamental change in circumstances allowing the US to withdraw from the treaty. However, the problem here is that despite the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, both the US and Russia have continued to regard the treaty as remaining in force between themselves. The most obvious resolution to this problem would be for Russia to grant its consent to the US to withdraw from the treaty, or for both states to terminate the treaty by mutual agreement, according to Article 54 of the VCLT. However, it is unlikely that Russia will grant its consent for the USA to withdraw from the treaty. Therefore, the question of whether the US can unilaterally withdraw from the treaty arises. The only provision under the VCLT which may provide the US with the opportunity to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty is fundamental change of circumstances, under Article 62. In order for Article 62 to apply, five conditions must be met. First, the change must be of circumstances existing at the time the treaty was made. The first condition is clearly met as there certainly has been a change of circumstances from the height of the cold war in 1972 to the present post-cold war era. The Cold War has now subsided, and the Iron Curtain and the Soviet Union no longer exist. Second, the change of circumstances must be â€Å"fundamental†. This change can be said to be fundamental because in 1972, the threat from the Soviet Union was real and vivid, whereas the improvement in relations since then has greatly reduced this threat. This disparity between US and Russian military power  can be seen by the fact that the US spends more on its military than the next ten military powers (including Russia) taken together. Furthermore, few countries other than the US and Russia had nuclear weapons in 1972, and the majority that did were allies of the US. Any threat from other countries (let alone terrorists) was mostly a distant threat, not yet a reality. Third, the change must not have been foreseen by the parties. It is questionable whether the change in circumstances was not foreseen by the parties. It can be argued that the acquisition of nuclear weapons by other countries, some of which are a threat to the US was foreseeable. However, the threat from terrorists who may have now acquired nuclear weapons cannot reasonably be said to have been foreseeable. Fourth, the existence of those circumstances must have constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty in the first place. It can be said that the circumstances which constituted an essential basis of the US’s consent have changed, because the Soviet Union no longer exists, and Russia is no longer the threat it used to be. The only reason why the US signed the treaty was because of the threat from Russia, if there was no threat, it would not have consented. Furthermore, the persisting ideology of the two states at the time the treaty was signed was world supremacy, and so both states sought to limit the military and nuclear aspirations of the other by consenting to this treaty. It would now seem that the original nuclear arms race which instigated the treaty is over, since neither the US nor Russia are seeking to increase their arsenal of nuclear weapons, and it is doubted whether Russia would have the financial means to do so even if it wanted to. Therefore, it seems that the object and purpose of the ABM Treaty has ceased to be relevant in today’s world. On the other hand, it may be argued that despite the developments of the last 30 years, Russia has still not submitted to the emerging realisation that we are living in a US dominated world. It continues to maintain links with rogue governments and has nuclear parity with the US. Therefore, although it  is less of a threat than it used to be, it is still nevertheless a threat. Consequently, the counter-argument may be that the original threat which instigated the US to sign the ABM Treaty still exists, albeit in a weaker form. Therefore, it is a matter of debate whether the existence of the circumstances which initially formed the basis of the US’s consent have been fundamentally changed. Fifth, the effect of the change must be radically to transform the â€Å"extent† of obligations still to be performed under the treaty. This is the most difficult condition to satisfy and it is questionable whether it has been satisfied. It must be remembered that both the US and Russia have continued to regard the treaty as remaining in force between themselves, and the treaty has continued to carry out its purpose, i.e. the restriction of nuclear weapons. However, the justification given by the US is that the Treaty enshrines the past and should not prevent it from addressing the threats of today, or to pursue technology to defend itself. This argument may have some support from the statements made in the Fisheries Jurisdiction case, where it was stated that changes in circumstances will only be regarded as fundamental if they â€Å"imperil the existence or vital development of one of the parties.† Moreover, it was added that â€Å"the change must have increased the burden of the obligations to be executed to the extent of rendering the performance something essentially different from that initially undertaken†. It can be argued that preventing the US from developing technology to protect itself from the threat from rogue nations and terrorists may indeed â€Å"imperil its existence or vital development†. Moreover, as Professor Mullerson points out, the purpose of the ABM Treaty and the extent of its obligations were not to prohibit national missile defence systems in abstract against all possible threats, but to prohibit such defence from the other party to the Treaty. Therefore, by preventing the US from defending itself from new nuclear threats, it can be said that the fundamental change has now altered the extent of the obligations of the US. This is because its obligations will have been transformed from an obligation not to defend itself against Soviet missile threats, to an  obligation not to defend itself from missile threats from rogue states or terrorists. Therefore, the fundamental change of circumstance provision in Article 62, when combined with the provision in Article XV of the ABM treaty itself which allows a state to withdraw where extraordinary events arise, and where its supreme interests are threatened, may give the US a legitimate basis for unilaterally withdrawing from the treaty. As Professor Mullerson points out, â€Å"it is clear that US-Soviet (Russian) legal relations cannot, by definition, remain the same as they were at the height of the military-strategic competition which was the axis of world politics†. On the other hand, it may be argued that despite the developments of the last 30 years, although Russia is less of a threat than it used to be, it is still nevertheless a threat. Consequently, the counter-argument may be that the original threat which instigated the US to sign the ABM Treaty still exists, albeit in a weaker form. An alternative solution to the situation is advanced by Professor Mullerson, who states that the doctrine of change of fundamental circumstances should be used not only as a method of upholding or terminating treaties, but it should be used more flexibly as a process for initiating renegotiation or modification of a treaty whose object and purpose no longer correspond to the needs of changed circumstances. Despite the arguments either way, if Russia ultimately acquiesces in the US justification for withdrawing from the ABM Treaty, it is possible that the reasons given by the US may be regarded as supplying a precedent for withdrawal by the United States or other countries from other arms control treaties on similar grounds. As we have seen from the above discussion, although Article 62 lays down the general criteria which may allow a state to terminate a treaty on grounds of fundamental change of circumstances, the scope and application of Article 62 remains very problematic. The fact that there is no compulsory jurisdiction forcing states who terminate a treaty on this ground, to have the legitimacy  of their decision scrutinised before an international tribunal further adds to these problems. In the few cases where Article 62 has been ar5gued before the ICJ, we have seen that a very strict approach has been adopted and that no state has ever successfully pleaded Article 62 before the ICJ. This may discourage states from testing the legitimacy of their decision to terminate a treaty on the basis of Article 62 before the ICJ, as will probably occur in the ABM Treaty debate. Perhaps an alternative solution would be to not only use Article 62 as a method of upholding or terminating treaties; but more flexibly as a process for initiating renegotiation or modification of a treaty whose object and purpose no longer correspond to the needs of changed circumstances.

The American Way: Courage, Pride, and Honor

The American Way: Courage, Pride, and Honor â€Å"These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country: but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. † These words, uttered by the great Thomas Paine on December 23, 1776, embody the true courage and sacrifice of the many American Patriots during the earliest stages of our country. It is words and ideals such as these that shaped and molded our country into the place we know it as today.As both an American citizen and student of US history, I believe that a man’s true character reveals itself in times of adversity. The leaders emerge and men and women of smaller fortitude weed themselves out, sometimes sooner rather than later. The early stages of our country were marked with great struggle and rebellion against the powers that kept us down. There has been struggle throughout the entire histor y of our country, and still is today, but not many quite like our struggle to gain independence and freedom.Our country made its first true attempt to gain independence from King George the III by declaring ourselves an independent nation free from any bondage to Great Britain. This led to the Revolutionary War, in which over 4,000 men gave their lives and another 6,000 were wounded, in the attempt to gain freedom for all Americans. General George S. Patton later explained what drove these men to go to any length for their country when he said, â€Å"The courageous man is the man who forces himself, in spite of his fear, to carry on.Discipline, pride, self-respect, self-confidence, and the love of glory are attributes which will make a man courageous even when he is afraid. † Thousands of men have died throughout the history of this country so that we may be able to live the life we live today, with nobody ruling us and the freedom to worship as we please, live how we please, and aspire to make the most out of ourselves in every aspect of life. Our country takes pride in the men and women who have given the ultimate sacrifice for their country, and hopefully we shall never be so foolish to forget the sacrifices made.We fly our flags at full height to remember these men, we celebrate independence day, and we celebrate veterans day because we need to remember the violence and adversity in order to appreciate the peaceful and prosperous lives we are able to live today. I’ve already spoken about the freedom fighters in the beginning of our time as a nation. However, many others have fought for freedom and equality in order to shape our nation into what it is today. The African-Americans had to fight in the 1960’s for equality.Imagine coming to Lackawanna College and whites and blacks drinking from separate water fountains and eating in different cafeterias. This would truly be a sad representation of the character of the average American man. Even before this the Irish immigrants were hated and discriminated against, but also the Italian and Polish immigrants. So many people have struggled and persevered for the better of our nation. I believe the American experience is one of courage, hardship, perseverance, freedom, and equality for any man who chooses to come here and pursue these ideals.John F. Kennedy described perfectly the importance of these beliefs and standards when he said, â€Å"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear an burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty†¦ We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed. †

Ethics Is The Diagnostic Process For Many Reasons - 983 Words

It comes to no surprise that ethics governs the diagnostic process for several reasons. To diagnose a client means to define in professional terms the nature, boundaries, and intensity of a problem a client brings to counseling. In order to achieve diagnosing clients in the most efficient manner, one must use a procedure referred to as an assessment. There are several different assessment procedures that have been developed to help assess diagnosis. Assessments are articulated in a variety of ways; and the more accurate the assessment of the problems, the more likely those problems will be successfully resolved. According to Welfel, â€Å"we overall cannot treat what we have not identified† (Welfel, 2015). I have created a case in which I am the professional being asked to conduct assessments on a client. However, I receive several calls asking for the results of the assessment. 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